著作权集体管理组织的反垄断控制
来源:知识产权学术与实务研究网 作者:崔国斌 时间:2009-06-08 阅读数:
[54] Heather Rosenblatt, “Copyright Assignments: Rights and Wrongs - The Collecting Societies' Perspective”, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 2000, p.192.
[55] 周林: 《对我国版权集体管理条例立法的探讨和建议》,载《知识产权研究》, 第15卷,272页,北京,中国方正出版社,2004年。
[56] United States v. ASCAP, No. 41-1395,Second Amended Final Judgment, 2001, Section IV(A), http://www.ascap.com/reference/ascapafj2.pdf,以下称作AFJ2。
[57] Michael A. Einhorn, “Intellectual Property and Antitrust: Music Performing Rights In Broadcasting”, Columbia-VLA Journal of Law and the Arts ,Summer, 2001, p.367.
[58]Shane Simpson,Australia Report, Para. 7.1. GENERAL.
[59] UK MMC Report Para.2.45.比如特殊的现场表演。
[60] UK MMC REPORT Para.2.45.
[61] UK MMC REPORT Para.11.125.
[62] Herman Cohen Jehoram, The Future of Copyright Collecting Societies, European Intellectual Property Review 2001, pp.134-139.
[63] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum,p.9.
[64] UK MMC REPORT Para.2.44指出,在GEMAII案之后英国的一些集体管理组织在实际运营过程中不再坚持绝对的独占性授权。
[65] UK MMC REPORT Para.2.49.
[66] UK MMC Report , Appendix 9.7-“ Comparison of overseas societies cost/revenue ratio”.
[67] Heather Rosenblatt, “Copyright Assignments: Rights and Wrongs - The Collecting Societies' Perspective”, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 2000, p.196..
[68] 参见《最高人民法院关于审理商标民事纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释》(法释〔2002〕32号)第四条。国内法院处理版权、专利案件的诉权问题采用与该条相近的原则。
[69]周俊强: 《著作权集体管理的法律性质》 载《法学杂志》, 2003年第3期, 47页。
[70] 从公开的材料看,中国音乐著作权协会从1996年开始到现在发动的诉讼还不超过20起。相关案例可以参考该协会网站http://www.mcsc.com.cn/anli/1.htm。
[71] 美国法上就存在这种可能。具体的讨论参见Roger D. Blair, Thomas F. Cotter, “The Elusive Logic of Standing Doctrine in Intellectual Property Law”, 74 Tul. L. Rev. 1323, March, 2000.
[72] 详细的讨论参见后文第四部分第(四)节。
[73]有人认为集体管理组织谋求独占性授权并不导致许可费价格过高,原因是许可费实际上是受到公共监督,比如版权局或者特定执法机构的监督。Heather Rosenblatt, “Copyright Assignments: Rights and Wrongs - The Collecting Societies' Perspective”, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 2000, p.191.
[74] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum, p.25 指出,由法院参与决定合理的使用费标准,程序花费巨大,不是所有的用户都能负担的了。
[75] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum , p.41.
[76] Shane Simpson,Australia Report, Para. 33.3 认为只要保证权利人的退出,就可以为竞争性组织的设立提供保障条件。本文认为这是不够的。超级用户与集体管理组织对抗的过程中,可能需要在较短的时间里解决本身的版权需求问题,常常并没有足够的时间去游说权利人从在先的集体管理组织中退出。
[77]“自我管理选择自由,将导致用户对权利人实施各个击破从而降低其支付的许可费,这也可能最终导致集体组织的解体。”Heather Rosenblatt, “Copyright Assignments: Rights and Wrongs - The Collecting Societies' Perspective”, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 2000, p.196.
[78]被许可人的联合是与集体组织讨价还价的有效方法,威胁集体抵制该组织的作品,可以迫使集体管理组织向被许可人让利。中国市场上的确也存在这样的可能性。比如,假若中国音乐著作权协会对中国主要门户网站索要网上音乐短信服务的高额许可费。这时候,中国主要的门户网站就可能从对这种讹诈进行抵制:自行向主要的音乐提供商获取授权,并逐步展开与音乐著作权协会的竞争业务,最终演变成集体管理组织。Stanley M. Besen, “An Economic Analysis of Copyright Collectives”, 78 Va. L. Rev. 383 February, 1992, p.399.
[79] Stanley M. Besen, “An Economic Analysis of Copyright Collectives”, 78 Va. L. Rev. 383 February, 1992, p.401.
[80] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum, p.19.
[81] AFJ 在是否可以通过代理(比如Music Library)这一问题上不够清楚。此类音乐图书馆常常收集了特定类别的音乐,对外发放许可相当方便。AFJ2 section IV(B)则明确规定ASCAP不得限制权利人通过此类代理组织对外发放许可。
[82] 即使采用完全竞争的市场机制,政府的监控依然是必要的。因为进入市场依然存在如下障碍:后来者比在先者承受更高的成本、新的集体组织的进入需要时间、集体管理组织和用户之间、集体组织和会员之间签署长期协议。Stanley M. Besen, “An Economic Analysis of Copyright Collectives”, 78 Va. L. Rev. 383, February, 1992, p.404.
[83] 在Belgische Radio en Televisie v. SABAM (1974) E.C.R. 51 中, 法院许可对艺术家进行一定的限制,其前提是这一限制是强化集体管理组织与超级用户(比如电台或电视台)谈判能力所必需的。Irini A. Stamatoudi, “The European Court's Love-Hate Relationship With Collecting Societies”, European Intellectual Property Review, 1997,p.292.
[84] GEMA [[1971] O.J. L134/15] 及 GEMA II [[1972] O.J. L182/24] 。
[85] Heather Rosenblatt, “Copyright Assignments: Rights and Wrongs - The Collecting Societies' Perspective”, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 2000, p.194..
[86] GEMA II [1972] O.J. L182/24
[87] Thomas C. Vinje, Collecting Society Practices Retard Development of On-Line Music Market, http://www.mofo.com/news/general.cfm?MCatID=7968&concentrationID=&ID=1040&Type=5#7,2004年4月3日访问。
[88] Heather Rosenblatt, “Copyright Assignments: Rights and Wrongs - The Collecting Societies' Perspective”, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 2000, p.195.
[89] Belgische Radio en Televisie v. SABAM [(1974) E.C.R. 51.
[90] Case 22/79, Greenwich Film Production, Paris v. Société des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs de musique (SACEM) and Société des éditions Labrador, Paris [1979] E.C.R. 3275。转引自Irini A. Stamatoudi, “The European Court's Love-Hate Relationship With Collecting Societies”, European Intellectual Property Review, 1997,p.292.
[91] AFJ2 Section XI(B).
[92] Martin Kretschmer, “The Failure of Property Rules In Collective Administration: Rethinking Copyright Societies As Regulatory Instruments”,European Intellectual Property Review,2002 , p.134.
[93] AFJ2 Section XI(B).
[94] Michael A. Einhorn, “Intellectual Property and Antitrust: Music Performing Rights In Broadcasting”, Columbia-VLA Journal of Law and the Arts ,Summer, 2001, p.365.
[95] AFJ2 section XI(B)(1) .
[96] 比如前面注38所揭示的数据,10%的会员分配了90%的许可费收入。
[97] Michael A. Einhorn, “Intellectual Property and Antitrust: Music Performing Rights In Broadcasting”, Columbia-VLA Journal of Law and the Arts ,Summer, 2001, p.365.
[98] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum, p.17.
[99] Irini A. Stamatoudi, “The European Court's Love-Hate Relationship With Collecting Societies”, European Intellectual Property Review, 1997,p.291.
[100] Paul L.C. Torremans,Irini A. Stamatoudi, “Collecting Societies: Sorry, The Community Is No Longer Interested”, 22 European Law Review ,1997, pp.352-359.
[101] WIPO: 《版权和相关权的集体管理》,载http://www.wipo.int/cn/about-ip/about_collective_mngt.html。严格说来,一国著作权集体管理组织对外国国民的歧视时,外国国民能够基于知识产权国际公约寻求救济还存在不确定性。虽然相关的知识产权国际公约中都强调国民待遇,但是集体管理组织作为民间机构以各种借口歧视外国国民不提供“国民待遇”,并不属于政府行为。
[102] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum , p.15.
[103] Heather Rosenblatt, “Copyright Assignments: Rights and Wrongs - The Collecting Societies' Perspective”, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 2000, p.192..
[104] Tony R. Martino,Dexter Moseley, “PPI and Performance Rights Organisations: Half-Sisters In Copyright – Partners In Anti-Trust”, European Intellectual Property Review 1988,p.154. 作者强调一揽子许可协议的必要性。不过,并非唯一工具。如果给予预先使用、事后根据使用量来收取许可费,显然也是一种替代模式。
[105] CBS v ASCAP, 400 F. Supp. 737 (S.D.N.Y. 1975)是两个同意判决后第一起对ASCAP的一揽子许可提出严肃挑战的案件。这一诉讼持续了十年,最终美国最高法院在CBS v. ASCAP, 441 U.S. 1 (1979)认为应该按照反托拉斯法上合理性规则考虑一揽子许可的问题。
[106] Ministère Public v. Tournier,[1989] ECR 2811 转引自。Irini A. Stamatoudi, “The European Court's Love-Hate Relationship With Collecting Societies”, European Intellectual Property Review, 1997,p.294. 不过, Irini认为SACEM案认同拒绝拆分许可的做法值得怀疑。
[107] Emily Lui, “The Eurovision Song Contest: A Proposal For Reconciling The National Regulation of Music Collecting Societies and The Single European Market”, Entertainment Law Review, 2003, p.73.
[108] Irini A. Stamatoudi, “The European Court's Love-Hate Relationship With Collecting Societies”, European Intellectual Property Review, 1997,p.295..
[109] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum , p.15 .
[110]所谓Per-program License是指a license the fee for which varies depending on the number of programs or other agreed-upon portions of the users’ transmissions that contain music licensed by ASCAP. ( Sections II(K) and (N) of the AFJ2)
[111] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum, p.24.
[112] Noel L. Hillman,“Intractable Consent: A Legislative Solution to the Problem of the Aging Consent Decrees in United States v. ASCAP and United States v. BMI ”,8 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. 733, Spring, 1998,p.743.
[113] AFJ2 Section II Definitions L. "Per-segment license" means a non-exclusive license that authorizes a music user to perform any or all works in the ASCAP repertory in all segments of the music user's activities in a single industry, the fee for which varies depending upon which segments contain ASCAP music not otherwise licensed for public performance.
[114] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum p.26。
[115] AFJ2 Section VII(A)(2).
[116] 代表性的案例是Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 395 U.S. 100 (1969)
[117] AFJ2 Section IV(H). 这一点与AFJ相同,但是AFJ2明确了法院在一定情况下可以要求被许可人接受此类收费方式。
[118] 现在国际范围内大量的集体管理组织都提供了各自的许可费标准,这也就使得相关行业能够找到一个相对一致的标准。比如,德国通常认为10%的许可费标准是合适的国际上也比较认可这一比例。Josephine Liholm,“GEMA AND IFPI”,European Intellectual Property Review,2002 ,p.113.美国ASCAP对于主要的电台用户的一揽子许可的许可费标准通常是毛收入的1.615 %。而对于所谓的Program Licensing (Mini Blank License)则有更复杂的标准。Michael A. Einhorn, “Intellectual Property and Antitrust: Music Performing Rights In Broadcasting”, Columbia-VLA Journal of Law and the Arts , Summer, 2001, p.360.
[119] Lucazeau v SACEM(.1989), 10/88, 241/88, 242/88, Celex No. 688J0110.
[120] 欧洲法院在SACEM的一系列案件中( Case 110/88, SACEM v. Lucazeau; Case 241/88, SACEM v. Debelle; Case 242/88, SACEM v. Soumagnac; Case 395/87, Ministère Public v. Tournier: all at [1989] ECR 2811; [1991] 4 CMLR 248 (""Lucazeau, Tournier and Others").
[56] United States v. ASCAP, No. 41-1395,Second Amended Final Judgment, 2001, Section IV(A), http://www.ascap.com/reference/ascapafj2.pdf,以下称作AFJ2。
[57] Michael A. Einhorn, “Intellectual Property and Antitrust: Music Performing Rights In Broadcasting”, Columbia-VLA Journal of Law and the Arts ,Summer, 2001, p.367.
[58]Shane Simpson,Australia Report, Para. 7.1. GENERAL.
[59] UK MMC Report Para.2.45.比如特殊的现场表演。
[60] UK MMC REPORT Para.2.45.
[61] UK MMC REPORT Para.11.125.
[62] Herman Cohen Jehoram, The Future of Copyright Collecting Societies, European Intellectual Property Review 2001, pp.134-139.
[63] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum,p.9.
[64] UK MMC REPORT Para.2.44指出,在GEMAII案之后英国的一些集体管理组织在实际运营过程中不再坚持绝对的独占性授权。
[65] UK MMC REPORT Para.2.49.
[66] UK MMC Report , Appendix 9.7-“ Comparison of overseas societies cost/revenue ratio”.
[67] Heather Rosenblatt, “Copyright Assignments: Rights and Wrongs - The Collecting Societies' Perspective”, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 2000, p.196..
[68] 参见《最高人民法院关于审理商标民事纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释》(法释〔2002〕32号)第四条。国内法院处理版权、专利案件的诉权问题采用与该条相近的原则。
[69]周俊强: 《著作权集体管理的法律性质》 载《法学杂志》, 2003年第3期, 47页。
[70] 从公开的材料看,中国音乐著作权协会从1996年开始到现在发动的诉讼还不超过20起。相关案例可以参考该协会网站http://www.mcsc.com.cn/anli/1.htm。
[71] 美国法上就存在这种可能。具体的讨论参见Roger D. Blair, Thomas F. Cotter, “The Elusive Logic of Standing Doctrine in Intellectual Property Law”, 74 Tul. L. Rev. 1323, March, 2000.
[72] 详细的讨论参见后文第四部分第(四)节。
[73]有人认为集体管理组织谋求独占性授权并不导致许可费价格过高,原因是许可费实际上是受到公共监督,比如版权局或者特定执法机构的监督。Heather Rosenblatt, “Copyright Assignments: Rights and Wrongs - The Collecting Societies' Perspective”, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 2000, p.191.
[74] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum, p.25 指出,由法院参与决定合理的使用费标准,程序花费巨大,不是所有的用户都能负担的了。
[75] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum , p.41.
[76] Shane Simpson,Australia Report, Para. 33.3 认为只要保证权利人的退出,就可以为竞争性组织的设立提供保障条件。本文认为这是不够的。超级用户与集体管理组织对抗的过程中,可能需要在较短的时间里解决本身的版权需求问题,常常并没有足够的时间去游说权利人从在先的集体管理组织中退出。
[77]“自我管理选择自由,将导致用户对权利人实施各个击破从而降低其支付的许可费,这也可能最终导致集体组织的解体。”Heather Rosenblatt, “Copyright Assignments: Rights and Wrongs - The Collecting Societies' Perspective”, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 2000, p.196.
[78]被许可人的联合是与集体组织讨价还价的有效方法,威胁集体抵制该组织的作品,可以迫使集体管理组织向被许可人让利。中国市场上的确也存在这样的可能性。比如,假若中国音乐著作权协会对中国主要门户网站索要网上音乐短信服务的高额许可费。这时候,中国主要的门户网站就可能从对这种讹诈进行抵制:自行向主要的音乐提供商获取授权,并逐步展开与音乐著作权协会的竞争业务,最终演变成集体管理组织。Stanley M. Besen, “An Economic Analysis of Copyright Collectives”, 78 Va. L. Rev. 383 February, 1992, p.399.
[79] Stanley M. Besen, “An Economic Analysis of Copyright Collectives”, 78 Va. L. Rev. 383 February, 1992, p.401.
[80] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum, p.19.
[81] AFJ 在是否可以通过代理(比如Music Library)这一问题上不够清楚。此类音乐图书馆常常收集了特定类别的音乐,对外发放许可相当方便。AFJ2 section IV(B)则明确规定ASCAP不得限制权利人通过此类代理组织对外发放许可。
[82] 即使采用完全竞争的市场机制,政府的监控依然是必要的。因为进入市场依然存在如下障碍:后来者比在先者承受更高的成本、新的集体组织的进入需要时间、集体管理组织和用户之间、集体组织和会员之间签署长期协议。Stanley M. Besen, “An Economic Analysis of Copyright Collectives”, 78 Va. L. Rev. 383, February, 1992, p.404.
[83] 在Belgische Radio en Televisie v. SABAM (1974) E.C.R. 51 中, 法院许可对艺术家进行一定的限制,其前提是这一限制是强化集体管理组织与超级用户(比如电台或电视台)谈判能力所必需的。Irini A. Stamatoudi, “The European Court's Love-Hate Relationship With Collecting Societies”, European Intellectual Property Review, 1997,p.292.
[84] GEMA [[1971] O.J. L134/15] 及 GEMA II [[1972] O.J. L182/24] 。
[85] Heather Rosenblatt, “Copyright Assignments: Rights and Wrongs - The Collecting Societies' Perspective”, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 2000, p.194..
[86] GEMA II [1972] O.J. L182/24
[87] Thomas C. Vinje, Collecting Society Practices Retard Development of On-Line Music Market, http://www.mofo.com/news/general.cfm?MCatID=7968&concentrationID=&ID=1040&Type=5#7,2004年4月3日访问。
[88] Heather Rosenblatt, “Copyright Assignments: Rights and Wrongs - The Collecting Societies' Perspective”, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 2000, p.195.
[89] Belgische Radio en Televisie v. SABAM [(1974) E.C.R. 51.
[90] Case 22/79, Greenwich Film Production, Paris v. Société des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs de musique (SACEM) and Société des éditions Labrador, Paris [1979] E.C.R. 3275。转引自Irini A. Stamatoudi, “The European Court's Love-Hate Relationship With Collecting Societies”, European Intellectual Property Review, 1997,p.292.
[91] AFJ2 Section XI(B).
[92] Martin Kretschmer, “The Failure of Property Rules In Collective Administration: Rethinking Copyright Societies As Regulatory Instruments”,European Intellectual Property Review,2002 , p.134.
[93] AFJ2 Section XI(B).
[94] Michael A. Einhorn, “Intellectual Property and Antitrust: Music Performing Rights In Broadcasting”, Columbia-VLA Journal of Law and the Arts ,Summer, 2001, p.365.
[95] AFJ2 section XI(B)(1) .
[96] 比如前面注38所揭示的数据,10%的会员分配了90%的许可费收入。
[97] Michael A. Einhorn, “Intellectual Property and Antitrust: Music Performing Rights In Broadcasting”, Columbia-VLA Journal of Law and the Arts ,Summer, 2001, p.365.
[98] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum, p.17.
[99] Irini A. Stamatoudi, “The European Court's Love-Hate Relationship With Collecting Societies”, European Intellectual Property Review, 1997,p.291.
[100] Paul L.C. Torremans,Irini A. Stamatoudi, “Collecting Societies: Sorry, The Community Is No Longer Interested”, 22 European Law Review ,1997, pp.352-359.
[101] WIPO: 《版权和相关权的集体管理》,载http://www.wipo.int/cn/about-ip/about_collective_mngt.html。严格说来,一国著作权集体管理组织对外国国民的歧视时,外国国民能够基于知识产权国际公约寻求救济还存在不确定性。虽然相关的知识产权国际公约中都强调国民待遇,但是集体管理组织作为民间机构以各种借口歧视外国国民不提供“国民待遇”,并不属于政府行为。
[102] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum , p.15.
[103] Heather Rosenblatt, “Copyright Assignments: Rights and Wrongs - The Collecting Societies' Perspective”, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 2000, p.192..
[104] Tony R. Martino,Dexter Moseley, “PPI and Performance Rights Organisations: Half-Sisters In Copyright – Partners In Anti-Trust”, European Intellectual Property Review 1988,p.154. 作者强调一揽子许可协议的必要性。不过,并非唯一工具。如果给予预先使用、事后根据使用量来收取许可费,显然也是一种替代模式。
[105] CBS v ASCAP, 400 F. Supp. 737 (S.D.N.Y. 1975)是两个同意判决后第一起对ASCAP的一揽子许可提出严肃挑战的案件。这一诉讼持续了十年,最终美国最高法院在CBS v. ASCAP, 441 U.S. 1 (1979)认为应该按照反托拉斯法上合理性规则考虑一揽子许可的问题。
[106] Ministère Public v. Tournier,[1989] ECR 2811 转引自。Irini A. Stamatoudi, “The European Court's Love-Hate Relationship With Collecting Societies”, European Intellectual Property Review, 1997,p.294. 不过, Irini认为SACEM案认同拒绝拆分许可的做法值得怀疑。
[107] Emily Lui, “The Eurovision Song Contest: A Proposal For Reconciling The National Regulation of Music Collecting Societies and The Single European Market”, Entertainment Law Review, 2003, p.73.
[108] Irini A. Stamatoudi, “The European Court's Love-Hate Relationship With Collecting Societies”, European Intellectual Property Review, 1997,p.295..
[109] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum , p.15 .
[110]所谓Per-program License是指a license the fee for which varies depending on the number of programs or other agreed-upon portions of the users’ transmissions that contain music licensed by ASCAP. ( Sections II(K) and (N) of the AFJ2)
[111] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum, p.24.
[112] Noel L. Hillman,“Intractable Consent: A Legislative Solution to the Problem of the Aging Consent Decrees in United States v. ASCAP and United States v. BMI ”,8 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. 733, Spring, 1998,p.743.
[113] AFJ2 Section II Definitions L. "Per-segment license" means a non-exclusive license that authorizes a music user to perform any or all works in the ASCAP repertory in all segments of the music user's activities in a single industry, the fee for which varies depending upon which segments contain ASCAP music not otherwise licensed for public performance.
[114] U.S. AFJ2 Memorandum p.26。
[115] AFJ2 Section VII(A)(2).
[116] 代表性的案例是Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 395 U.S. 100 (1969)
[117] AFJ2 Section IV(H). 这一点与AFJ相同,但是AFJ2明确了法院在一定情况下可以要求被许可人接受此类收费方式。
[118] 现在国际范围内大量的集体管理组织都提供了各自的许可费标准,这也就使得相关行业能够找到一个相对一致的标准。比如,德国通常认为10%的许可费标准是合适的国际上也比较认可这一比例。Josephine Liholm,“GEMA AND IFPI”,European Intellectual Property Review,2002 ,p.113.美国ASCAP对于主要的电台用户的一揽子许可的许可费标准通常是毛收入的1.615 %。而对于所谓的Program Licensing (Mini Blank License)则有更复杂的标准。Michael A. Einhorn, “Intellectual Property and Antitrust: Music Performing Rights In Broadcasting”, Columbia-VLA Journal of Law and the Arts , Summer, 2001, p.360.
[119] Lucazeau v SACEM(.1989), 10/88, 241/88, 242/88, Celex No. 688J0110.
[120] 欧洲法院在SACEM的一系列案件中( Case 110/88, SACEM v. Lucazeau; Case 241/88, SACEM v. Debelle; Case 242/88, SACEM v. Soumagnac; Case 395/87, Ministère Public v. Tournier: all at [1989] ECR 2811; [1991] 4 CMLR 248 (""Lucazeau, Tournier and Others").
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