基因技术的专利保护与利益分享
来源：知识产权学术与实务研究网 作者：崔国斌 时间：2009-06-08 阅读数:
1992年150个国家签字，美国却推迟到1994年[217][217]。克林顿政府最后签字时还要求公约成员国不得籍此减低各国对知识产权的保护水平，明确警告说美国强烈反对任何此类行为。[218][218]由此看来，发展中国家短期内还很难将发达国家的“担心”变成现实。
通过这一节的论述，我们认为承认基因资源提供者直接基于该资源而参与后续成果利益分配的立法例将不会当然违背知识产权立法的基本原则，在理论上是可行的。至于发展中国家立法机关实际如何选择则是另外一个问题了。其实，前文多处讨论的结果都只是向社会指出一种或几种可能性，并没有多少确定无疑的结论。没有结论的讨论，照样可以引导我们利用不同的思维方法从不同的观察角度去思考制度背后的规律。
主要参考文献
这里仅列举部分重要文献，并非本文引用的全部文献，特此说明。
一、中文文献
1. 1. 郑成思 知识产权论 法律出版社 1998年
2. 2. [美] 恩格尔哈特(H. Tristram Engelhardt) （范瑞平译） 生命伦理学的基础 （The Foundation of Bioethics） 湖南科学技术出版社 1996年
3. 3. [美] 安德鲁·金柏利（Andrew Kinbery） 克隆----人的设计与销售（Human and Organ Shop） 内蒙古文化出版社 1997年
4. 4. 诺埃尔·勒努瓦 在生物体研究中所获数据的保护 版权公报 1994年第3期 ;
5. 5. 郝晓锋 生物技术的专利保护问题研究 北京大学博士论文（1995年）
6. 6. 欧 盟 关于生物技术发明的法律保护指令 （ 知识产权 1999年第二期 姜丹明译 文希凯校）
7. 7. 联合国 生物多样性公约文本 （1992年于里约热内卢）
二、英文文献（按照姓名排序）
8. 8. Alain Pottage The Inscription of Life in Law: Genes, Patents , and Bio-politics The Modern Law Review Sep. 1998, at 740-765;
9. 9. Anthony Mclnerney Biotechnology: Biogen v. Medeva in the House of Lords E.I.P.R. 1998 Issue 1, at 16;
10. 10.Arie P. Katz Patentability of Living Matter with Traditional Jewish Law: The Harvard Mouse Kosher? AIPLA Q.J. Vol.21:117, at 124;
11. 11.Brad Sherman Patent Law in a Time of Change: Non-obviousness and Biotechnology Oxford Journal of Legal Studies Vol.10, Summer 1990, No.2, at 278-287;
12. 12.Cary Fowler, Ph. D., By Policy or Law? The Challenge of Determining the Status and Future of Agro-Biodiversity, 3.1 Journal of Technology Law & Policy 1, <http://journal.law.ufl.edu/~techlaw/3-1/flowler.html>(1997).
13. 13. Charles R. McManis Patent ,Trademark, and Industrial Design Protection（1999年5月21日在北京大学知识产权学院讲演所发讲演稿）
14. 14. Curtis A. Kin Coming Soon to the “Genetic Supermarket ” Near You Stanford Law Review July 1996, Vol. 48 No.6, 1573-1603;
15. 15. Darrell A. Posey Graham Dutfield Beyond Intellectual Property toward Traditional Resource Rights for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities International Development Research Centre, 1996;
16. 16. Edward J. Bloustein Privacy Is Dear at Any Price: A Response to Professor Posner’s Ecomomic Theory Georgia Law Review Vol. 12, 1978, at 470-495;
17. 17. G. Kenneth Smith Denise M.Kettelberger Patents and the Human Genome Project AIPLA Q. J. Vol.22:1 ,at 56-57;
18. 18. Hilary Newiss Rights in Blood and Tissue Samples: Consent Requirements BSLR 1998, 2, at46-51;
19. 19. Hugh Laddie Peter Prescott Mary Vitoria The Modern Law of Copyright and Designs (Second Edition) Vol.1, Butterworths and Co(Publishers) Ltd 1995
20. 20. Ian Karet Delivering the Goods? The House of Lords’ Decision in Biogen v. Medeva EIPR 1997,1 ;
21. 21. J. W. Harris Property and Justice Clarendon Press , Oxford, 1996, at 351-361;
22. 22. James O. Odek Bio-piracy: Creating Proprietary Rights in Plant Genetic Resources Journal of International Property Law Vol.2 No.1 Fall, 1994, at 1. Available at<http:www.lawsch.uga.edu/~jipl/vol2/odek.html>.
23. 23. Jesse Dukeminier James E. Krier Property (Second Edition) Little Brown and Company , 1988,
24. 24. Margaret Jane Padin Reinterpreting Property The Univ. of Chicago Press 1998
25. 25. Margaret Llewelyn The Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions: An Alternative Approach EIPR 1997 3, at 122；
26. 26. Margaret Llewelyn The Legal Protection of Plant Varieties in the European Union: A Policy of Consensus or Confusion ? BSLR 1997,2, at 50-61；
27. 27. Martin Grund , Volker Vossius Patentability of ESTs under the EPC BSLR Issue3, 1998;
28. 28. Michael Blakeney Access to Genetic Resources: the View from the South 1997 ,3 BSLR ;
29. 29. Michael Blakeney Biodiversity Rights and Traditional Resource Rights of Indigenous Peoples BSLR 1998, 2;
30. 30. Michael Blakeney Intellectual Property Rights in the Genetic Resources of International Agricultural Research Institutes-Some Recent Problems BSLR 1998, 1;
31. 31. Michael Blakeney Bioprospecting and the Protection of Traditional Medical Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples: An Australian Perspective EIPR 1997 , 6;
32. 32. Michael Kern Patentability of Biotechnological Inventoins in the United Kingdom: The House of Lords Charts the Course IIC Vol. 29 No. 3/1998;
33. 33. Mycogen , Rijksuniversiteit Leiden , Human t-PA/Genentech cases.
34. 34. Natalie Stoianoff Access to Australia’s Biological Resources and Technology Transfer EIPR 1998 at 298-305;
35. 35. Peter Drahos A Philosophy of Intellectual Property(Chapter 8, The Justice of Information) Dartmouth Publishing Company Ltd. 1996;
36. 36. Rebecca S. Eisenberg Robert P. Merges Opinion Letter as to the Patentability of Certain Inventions Associated with the Identification of Partial cDNA Sequences AIPLA Quarterly Journal Vol.23 , No.1 1995
37. 37. Richard A. Posner The Right of Privacy Georgia Law Review Vol. 12 Spring 1978, No. 3.,
38. 38. Richard Ford The Morality of Biotech Patents: Differing Legal Obligations in Europe EIPR 1997 ,6;
39. 39. Richard H. Kjeldgaard and David R. Marshu Recent Development in the Patent Protection of Plant-based Technology in the United States [1997]1 EIPR；
40. 40. R.M.C Nott The Biotechnology Directive: Does Europe Need a New Draft? [1997]1 BSLR;
41. 41. Robert Patrick Merges Patent Law and Policy Patent and Policy(Second Edition) Michie Law Publishers 1997;
42. 42. Robin Nott “You Did It!”:The European Biotechnology Directive at Last EIPR 1998 Issue9;
43. 43.Ronald V. Bettic Copyright Culture ,the Political Economy of Intellectual Property Westview Press 1996,
44. 44. Roger Brownsword , W. R. Cornish, and Margaret Llewelyn Human Genetics and the Law: Regulating a Revolution Modern Law Review Vol.61 No.5 Sep. 1998 ;
45. 45. R. Stephen Crespi Recombinant DNA Patents in Litigation--A Comparative Study of Some EPO and UK National Court Decisions IIC Vol. 28 No.5/1997 ;
主要参考文献
这里仅列举部分重要文献，并非本文引用的全部文献，特此说明。
一、中文文献
1. 1. 郑成思 知识产权论 法律出版社 1998年
2. 2. [美] 恩格尔哈特(H. Tristram Engelhardt) （范瑞平译） 生命伦理学的基础 （The Foundation of Bioethics） 湖南科学技术出版社 1996年
3. 3. [美] 安德鲁·金柏利（Andrew Kinbery） 克隆----人的设计与销售（Human and Organ Shop） 内蒙古文化出版社 1997年
4. 4. 诺埃尔·勒努瓦 在生物体研究中所获数据的保护 版权公报 1994年第3期 ;
5. 5. 郝晓锋 生物技术的专利保护问题研究 北京大学博士论文（1995年）
6. 6. 欧 盟 关于生物技术发明的法律保护指令 （ 知识产权 1999年第二期 姜丹明译 文希凯校）
7. 7. 联合国 生物多样性公约文本 （1992年于里约热内卢）
二、英文文献（按照姓名排序）
8. 8. Alain Pottage The Inscription of Life in Law: Genes, Patents , and Bio-politics The Modern Law Review Sep. 1998, at 740-765;
9. 9. Anthony Mclnerney Biotechnology: Biogen v. Medeva in the House of Lords E.I.P.R. 1998 Issue 1, at 16;
10. 10.Arie P. Katz Patentability of Living Matter with Traditional Jewish Law: The Harvard Mouse Kosher? AIPLA Q.J. Vol.21:117, at 124;
11. 11.Brad Sherman Patent Law in a Time of Change: Non-obviousness and Biotechnology Oxford Journal of Legal Studies Vol.10, Summer 1990, No.2, at 278-287;
12. 12.Cary Fowler, Ph. D., By Policy or Law? The Challenge of Determining the Status and Future of Agro-Biodiversity, 3.1 Journal of Technology Law & Policy 1, <http://journal.law.ufl.edu/~techlaw/3-1/flowler.html>(1997).
13. 13. Charles R. McManis Patent ,Trademark, and Industrial Design Protection（1999年5月21日在北京大学知识产权学院讲演所发讲演稿）
14. 14. Curtis A. Kin Coming Soon to the “Genetic Supermarket ” Near You Stanford Law Review July 1996, Vol. 48 No.6, 1573-1603;
15. 15. Darrell A. Posey Graham Dutfield Beyond Intellectual Property toward Traditional Resource Rights for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities International Development Research Centre, 1996;
16. 16. Edward J. Bloustein Privacy Is Dear at Any Price: A Response to Professor Posner’s Ecomomic Theory Georgia Law Review Vol. 12, 1978, at 470-495;
17. 17. G. Kenneth Smith Denise M.Kettelberger Patents and the Human Genome Project AIPLA Q. J. Vol.22:1 ,at 56-57;
18. 18. Hilary Newiss Rights in Blood and Tissue Samples: Consent Requirements BSLR 1998, 2, at46-51;
19. 19. Hugh Laddie Peter Prescott Mary Vitoria The Modern Law of Copyright and Designs (Second Edition) Vol.1, Butterworths and Co(Publishers) Ltd 1995
20. 20. Ian Karet Delivering the Goods? The House of Lords’ Decision in Biogen v. Medeva EIPR 1997,1 ;
21. 21. J. W. Harris Property and Justice Clarendon Press , Oxford, 1996, at 351-361;
22. 22. James O. Odek Bio-piracy: Creating Proprietary Rights in Plant Genetic Resources Journal of International Property Law Vol.2 No.1 Fall, 1994, at 1. Available at<http:www.lawsch.uga.edu/~jipl/vol2/odek.html>.
23. 23. Jesse Dukeminier James E. Krier Property (Second Edition) Little Brown and Company , 1988,
24. 24. Margaret Jane Padin Reinterpreting Property The Univ. of Chicago Press 1998
25. 25. Margaret Llewelyn The Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions: An Alternative Approach EIPR 1997 3, at 122；
26. 26. Margaret Llewelyn The Legal Protection of Plant Varieties in the European Union: A Policy of Consensus or Confusion ? BSLR 1997,2, at 50-61；
27. 27. Martin Grund , Volker Vossius Patentability of ESTs under the EPC BSLR Issue3, 1998;
28. 28. Michael Blakeney Access to Genetic Resources: the View from the South 1997 ,3 BSLR ;
29. 29. Michael Blakeney Biodiversity Rights and Traditional Resource Rights of Indigenous Peoples BSLR 1998, 2;
30. 30. Michael Blakeney Intellectual Property Rights in the Genetic Resources of International Agricultural Research Institutes-Some Recent Problems BSLR 1998, 1;
31. 31. Michael Blakeney Bioprospecting and the Protection of Traditional Medical Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples: An Australian Perspective EIPR 1997 , 6;
32. 32. Michael Kern Patentability of Biotechnological Inventoins in the United Kingdom: The House of Lords Charts the Course IIC Vol. 29 No. 3/1998;
33. 33. Mycogen , Rijksuniversiteit Leiden , Human t-PA/Genentech cases.
34. 34. Natalie Stoianoff Access to Australia’s Biological Resources and Technology Transfer EIPR 1998 at 298-305;
35. 35. Peter Drahos A Philosophy of Intellectual Property(Chapter 8, The Justice of Information) Dartmouth Publishing Company Ltd. 1996;
36. 36. Rebecca S. Eisenberg Robert P. Merges Opinion Letter as to the Patentability of Certain Inventions Associated with the Identification of Partial cDNA Sequences AIPLA Quarterly Journal Vol.23 , No.1 1995
37. 37. Richard A. Posner The Right of Privacy Georgia Law Review Vol. 12 Spring 1978, No. 3.,
38. 38. Richard Ford The Morality of Biotech Patents: Differing Legal Obligations in Europe EIPR 1997 ,6;
39. 39. Richard H. Kjeldgaard and David R. Marshu Recent Development in the Patent Protection of Plant-based Technology in the United States [1997]1 EIPR；
40. 40. R.M.C Nott The Biotechnology Directive: Does Europe Need a New Draft? [1997]1 BSLR;
41. 41. Robert Patrick Merges Patent Law and Policy Patent and Policy(Second Edition) Michie Law Publishers 1997;
42. 42. Robin Nott “You Did It!”:The European Biotechnology Directive at Last EIPR 1998 Issue9;
43. 43.Ronald V. Bettic Copyright Culture ,the Political Economy of Intellectual Property Westview Press 1996,
44. 44. Roger Brownsword , W. R. Cornish, and Margaret Llewelyn Human Genetics and the Law: Regulating a Revolution Modern Law Review Vol.61 No.5 Sep. 1998 ;
45. 45. R. Stephen Crespi Recombinant DNA Patents in Litigation--A Comparative Study of Some EPO and UK National Court Decisions IIC Vol. 28 No.5/1997 ;
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